Saturday, December 1, 2018

Legal Phrases used by Lawyers and Non-Lawyers




Abandonment giving up a legal right.

Abatement is: cancelling a writ or action;
stopping a nuisance;
reducing the payments to creditors in proportion, if
there is not enough money to pay them in full; or
reducing the bequests in a will, in proportion, when
there is not enough money to pay them in full.

Abduction taking someone away by force.

Ab initio from the start of something. (This phrase is Latin.)

Abovementioned describing something which has been referred to
before in the document.

Abscond when a person fails to present themselves before the
court when required, such as when they have been
released on bail and not returned to court.

Absolute complete and unconditional.

Absolute discharge someone who has been convicted of an offence
being released without any penalty. (They may still
have to pay compensation though.)

Absolute owner the only owner of property such as equipment,
buildings, land or vehicles.

Absolute privilege a defence which can be used in a case of
defamation if the statement from which the
defamation arose was:
• made in Parliament;
• in fair and accurate news reporting of court
proceedings; or
• made during court proceedings.

Abstract of title a document, drawn up by the seller, summarising the
title deeds to a property (such as a house).

Abuse of process when criminal proceedings are brought against a
person without there being any good reason and with
malice.

Abuttals the parts of the boundaries of a piece of land which
touch pieces of land alongside.

Acceptance when an offer is accepted unconditionally and a
legally binding agreement is created.

Acceptance of service when a solicitor accepts a writ on behalf of a client.

Acceptor the organisation (such as a bank) which will pay the
cheque or bill of exchange it has accepted.

Accessory someone who encourages or helps another person
to commit a crime.

Accomplice someone who helps another person to commit a
crime.

Accordingly a word used in legal documents which means
therefore or so.

Accounts the record of an organisation's income, spending and
financial situation.

Accumulation reinvesting income generated by a fund back into the
fund.

Accused the person charged with a criminal offence.

Acknowledgement admitting that someone has a claim or admitting that
a debt exists.

Acknowledgement of
Service when a defendant agrees that a writ or originating
summons ('claim form' since April 1999) has been
received. The defendant fills in, signs and sends
back the acknowledgement of service to confirm in
writing that the documents were received.

Acquit when a court lets a person go without any penalty. If
a court decides that a person is not guilty of a crime,
or the case has not been proved, it will acquit the
person.

Acquittal the court's decision that a person is innocent of the
crime they were charged with.

Action using the law to make a claim.

Active trust a trust where the trustees have other responsibilities
rather than to just let the beneficiaries have the
trust's assets when they ask for them.

Act of bankruptcy an act which, if carried out by a person with debts,
could have led to bankruptcy proceedings against
that person.

Act of God an extreme naturally occurring event (such as an
earthquake, avalanche or flood) that could not have
been anticipated.

Actual bodily harm hurting another person but less severely than would
amount to grievous bodily harm.

Actual loss an insurance term which means that the insured item
no longer exists.

Actuary an expert on pension scheme assets and liabilities,
life expectancy and probabilities (the likelihood of
things happening) for insurance purposes. An
actuary works out whether enough money is being
paid into a pension scheme to pay the pensions
when they are due.

Actus reus an act which is illegal, such as theft. (This term is
Latin.)

Additional voluntary
contribution (AVC) extra money people in occupational pension
schemes can pay in to increase their pension
benefits.

Ademption when a gift in a will cannot be made because the
item no longer exists.

Ad hoc for a particular purpose. For example, a committee
set up to deal with a particular situation is an ad hoc
committee. (This term is Latin.)

Ad idem in agreement. (This term is Latin.)

Ad infinitum endlessly or forever. (This term is Latin.)

Adjourned sine die when a court case has no date fixed for it to continue.

Adjournment postponing a court hearing.

Adjudge/adjudicate to give an official judgement about something. For
example, if someone cannot pay their debts a court
may adjudge them bankrupt.

Adjudication order the former name for a court order which made
someone bankrupt. It has now been replaced with
the term bankruptcy order.

Administration order an order made by a county court when a person or a
company cannot pay their debts. Normally the court
orders that the debts are repaid by instalments and as
long as the debtor keeps to the order the creditors
cannot do anything else to recover their money.

Administrator someone who has been appointed:to manage the
affairs of a bankrupt business; or to manage the
estate of someone who has died without leaving a
will.

Admissibility of
Evidence which evidence can be presented in court. Evidence
must be relevant to the case but even some relevant
evidence cannot be presented, such as hearsay or
evidence of little value. The judge decides whether or
not evidence can be used in the case.

Admission one side in a case agreeing that something the other
side has alleged is true.

Admonition reprimanding of a defendant by a judge even though
the case against the defendant has been discharged
(dropped).

Adoption the system which people use to become parents,
even though they are not the child's natural parents.

Adoptive child a child who has been legally adopted.

Adoptive parent a person who has legally adopted a child.

Ad valorem in proportion to the value. An ad valorem duty goes
up as the value of the goods, shares and so on that it
is charged on rises. (This term is Latin.)

Adverse possession intentionally occupying land to prevent the rightful
owner or tenant using it.

Adverse witness a witness who gives evidence which damages the
case of the side which asked the witness to testify for
them.

Advocate is:
• the lawyer who speaks in court for a client; or
• a Scottish lawyer who is the equivalent of a
barrister in England and Wales.

Affidavit a written statement which is sworn to be true by the
person signing it. It is sworn before someone
authorised by the court.

Affirm to:
• solemnly promise to tell the truth in court;
• solemnly promise to tell the truth in an

affidavit;
• confirm a decision made by a lower court;
or
• allow a contract to continue even though it
could have been cancelled because it was
fundamentally breached.

Affirmation solemnly promising to tell the truth when giving
evidence. It is an alternative to swearing an oath
when the person giving evidence does not wish to.

Affray fighting unlawfully. It is a criminal offence.
Aforementioned describing something referred to previously in the
document.

Aforesaid describing something which has been said or
referred to before in the document.

Agency the relationship between a principal and an agent.

Agent someone appointed to act for a principal.

Age of consent the age when a person can consent to have
sexual intercourse. In the UK it is 16.

Aggravated assault a more serious type of assault such as one leading
to actual bodily harm.

Aggravated burglary entering premises armed with a weapon, intending to
steal goods.

Aggravated damages extra damages awarded because the defendant has
caused the victim anguish, loss of self-respect or
shame.

Aggravated vehicle taking stealing a vehicle, driving it dangerously and as a
result injuring someone or damaging property.

Agricultural holding a type of tenancy agreement for someone doing
agricultural work. The tenant has special rights
including, when the tenancy finishes, the right to
compensation for improvements to the land. If the
land has deteriorated the tenant must compensate
the landlord.

Aiding and abetting helping someone to commit a crime.

Airspace the space in the atmosphere directly above a piece
of land. If you own a piece of land you also own the
airspace above the land.

Alias a false name.

Alibi a claim that a person was elsewhere when a crime
was committed. If someone is accused of a crime
their alibi is:
• evidence that the person was somewhere else
when the crime was committed; or
• an attempt to prove that the person was
somewhere else when the crime was
committed.

Alien someone from a foreign country.

Alienation transferring the ownership of property from one
person to another.

All and sundry everybody.

Allegation an unproved statement declaring that something has
happened.

Alleviate to lessen or reduce.

Allocation rate the proportion of money left to be invested after
charges have been taken off when money is paid
into a fund (such as a pension fund). For example, if
the charges were 2%, the allocation rate would be
98%.

Allotment shares allocated to a buyer. An allotment of shares
in a company gives the owner (of the allotment) an
unconditional right to buy the shares at a fixed price.
All that words used in a conveyance to introduce the
description of the property which is being conveyed.

Alternate director a person appointed by a director to take the
director's place.

Alternative verdict a person being found guilty of a less serious crime
than the one they were charged with. If a more
serious charge has not been proved and the
defendant has been found not guilty, the defendant
may be found guilty of a less serious crime instead.
For example, there may not be enough evidence to
convict someone of a murder but there may still be
enough for a manslaughter conviction. This is known
as an alternative verdict.

Amalgamation two or more companies combining.

Ambiguity capability of more than one meaning. When a
statement's meaning is not clear because it is
capable of more than one meaning, it contains an
ambiguity.

Ambulatory will a will which can be revoked or changed while the
person who made it is still living.

Amnesty not punishing a person for an offence they have
committed and removing details of the offence from
the court's records is giving the person an amnesty.

Ancient lights the right not to have the light you receive from a
neighbour's land blocked.

Annual accounts the summary of an organisation's financial
transactions during the year covered by their
accounts, and a 'snapshot' of the assets and
liabilities at the end of the year.

Annual general
Meeting the yearly meeting of the members of an
organisation which must be held to meet legal
conditions. The annual accounts are presented for
approval at this meeting.

Annual return a return which must be sent by companies to the
Registrar of Companies. Each year the officers of a
company have to fill in an annual return with details
of the members, officers, shares issued and other
information about the company. The return is then
sent to Companies House for filing and is available
for inspection by members of the public.

Annuitant the person who gets paid an annuity.

Annuity an amount paid out every year to someone. The
money usually comes from an insurance policy. It
can be split up into smaller amounts and be paid out
more frequently, such as monthly. It is usually paid
for the rest of the beneficiary's life.

Annul to cancel:
• an invalid marriage; or
• a bankruptcy order.

Ante before. (This is a Latin word.)

Antecedents details about the past of a defendant or a person
found guilty of a crime. The information about
previous crimes, background and bad behaviour is
given to the court before the sentence is given.

Antenuptial agreement a legal agreement between two people who are
about to get married. The agreement sets out how
the couple's assets will be divided between them if
they later divorce.

Anton Piller order an order by the High Court. It gives the applicant
permission to search the defendant's premises for
evidence, inspect it and take it away. It is intended to
prevent evidence being destroyed or hidden which
would be relevant to the case. (Since April 1999, this
has been known as a 'search order'.)

Appeal asking a court to overturn a lower court's decision. If
the decision of a court is disputed it may be possible
to ask a higher court to consider the case again by
lodging an appeal.

Appellant the person who is appealing to a court against a
decision of a lower court.

Appellate jurisdiction the authority a court has to hear an appeal against a
decision made by a lower court.

Appertaining to

Applicant the person asking a court to do something.

Appointee the person who gets the benefit of the use of a
power of appointment.

Appointor the person who uses a power of appointment.

Appurtenances minor rights in land such as a right to do something
on the land.

Arbitrage is:
• borrowing money at a low rate of interest to
lend out again at a higher rate; or
• buying and selling in different markets to make
profits out of the price differences.

Arbitration settling a dispute by using a referee. If a dispute
goes to arbitration it is settled by an independent
referee. It avoids having to use the courts to settle
the dispute.

Arbitrator the independent referee who settles a dispute
without the need to use the courts.

Arraignment a procedure at the start of a trial when details of the
offences are read out and the defendants are asked
whether they will plead guilty or not guilty.

Arrest to seize someone, usually because they are
suspected of committing a crime, and take them into
custody.

Arrestable offence a crime for which a person may be arrested without a
warrant being needed.

Arson setting fire to something to cause damage to it.

Articles the clauses in a document. A company's articles set
out its rules. The articles form part of the
memorandum and articles of association.

Articles of association documents which set out a company's rules.

Assault when someone threatens another person with
physical harm. Words on their own do not amount to
assault but threatening gestures do, even if the
person threatened is not touched.

Assent a document used by personal representatives to
transfer property to a beneficiary.

Asset something owned such as a building, a vehicle or
money in the bank.

Assign to formally transfer something, such as when
ownership of property is transferred from one person
to another.

Assignment the formal transfer of the rights to something. An
example would be a bank customer assigning to the
bank the right to receive the benefits from a life
insurance policy to give the bank security for a loan.

Assurance insurance cover for an event which will definitely
happen, such as death.

Assure to transfer the ownership of something.

Assured the person whose life is insured or who is entitled to
receive the benefit from the assurance cover.

Assured shorthold
Tenancy a type of tenancy agreement under which the landlord
has the right to take the property back at the end of
the tenancy agreement.

Attachment of earnings a court order that deductions be made from a
person's earnings. The employer pays the money
collected to the court and the court pays the money
to the people it is owed to.

Attest to sign to witness a signature on a document.

Attorney a person appointed to act for another person (such
as when someone cannot look after their own
affairs). A formal document called a power of
attorney is used to appoint the attorney. It is also
the name used for a US lawyer.

Attorney General the chief legal adviser to the Government. He or she
must be a Member of Parliament (or have a seat in
the House of Lords) and must be a barrister.

Audit an independent examination of an organisation's
records and financial statements (report and
accounts) to make sure that:
• the financial statements show a fair reflection
of the financial position at the accounting date;
• the income and spending is shown accurately;
• the financial statements meet any legal
conditions; and
• the financial statements are drawn up clearly.

Auditor's report a report and opinion, by an independent person or
firm, on an organisation's financial records.

Authorised share
Capital the highest amount of share capital that a company
can issue. The amount is set out in the company's
memorandum of association.

Authorised
Investments investments in which a trustee is permitted to invest
trust money, under an Act of Parliament.

Autopsy an examination of a dead body to find the cause of
death.

Saturday, October 13, 2018

Vocabulary used in Sales and Acquisitions



actual price
agency contract
agreed price
all-in price
allowance - reduction
amount - sum
amount of an invoice
approximate price
article - item
as per sample
assortment - range
assortment of sizes
back order - outstanding order
backlog of orders
bargain
to bargain over the price
batch - lot of goods
business card (GB) - calling card (US)
buy by installments (GB) - to buy on the installment plan (US)

to buy for cash
to buy in bulk - to buy wholesale
to buy on credit
buyer - purchaser
to cancel an order
to cash - to collect
cash before delivery
cash discount
cash on delivery (GB) - collect on delivery (US)
cash sale
cash with order
catalogue (GB) - catalog (US)
catalogue price
cheap - inexpensive
claim - complaint
to collect a debt
collection
color reference
commercial agent
commercial invoice
commercial letter
market supply - market offer
maturity rate
to meet a deadline
missing goods
to negotiate
negotiation
net price
non-returnable packing
non delivery
old stocks - oddments
on account
on credit
order
order acquisition
order approval
order book
order confirmation
order from catalogue
order processing
packing charged at cost
packing excluded
packing included
packing list
to pass an order
to pay in advance
payment
payment by check
payment by installments
payment in advance
payment on account
point of sale - sales outlet
poor quality
price ceiling
price decrease - price reduction
price fluctuation
price list
price marked up by 10%
price range
price recommended by the manufacturer
price reduction

commission - fee
company store - factory outlet
competitive price
complaints department
complimentary - free
to confirm an order
contract of sale
customer - client
customer assistance
customer portfolio
customer service department
cut in prices - lowering of prices
date of expiry (GB) - expiration (US)
date of receipt
deadline
defective - faulty
to delay in delivery
delay of payment
delayed delivery
delivery
delivery charges
delivery date
delivery order
discount on quantity
discount price
discount scale
to distribute
drop in sales
dumping price
duty-free shop
to enclose
enquiry - inquiry
to estimate
everyday article
ex-factory price
exclusive agreement
exclusive contract
exclusive right of sale
execution of an order
price tag
price/quality ratio
pricing
pro-forma invoice
purchase invoice
quality defect
quality standards
quotation
to raise prices
receipt
reduction
to refuse an order
regular customer
representative office
retail price
retail sale - retailing
retail trade - retailing
retailer - retail dealer
runner
sale - selling
sale by sample
sales commission
sales department
sales discount
sales force
sales invoice
sales meeting
sales period
sales proposal
sales returns
sales target
sales volume
salesman - seller
sample
sample collection
sample only - of no commercial value
sampling
second-hand
second-hand items
second-rate

to export
exportation - export
extension of payment
factory price
faulty goods
first choice
to fix a price
for sale
foreign branch
free gift - complimentary gift
free trial
full price
goods
goods in stock
goods on consignment
to grant a delay of payment
to grant a discount
to guarantee (GB) - to warrant (US)
guaranteed free of faults
illustrated catalogue
immediate delivery
to import
import licence
importation - import
importer
increase sales
intermediary - middleman
invoice - bill
to invoice
invoice price
keep prices down
lead time
list price
loss of customers
low-quality
lower prices
lump sum price
to make a delivery
to make an estimate
market prices
seconds
to sell by sample
to sell in bulk
to sell off
to sell on commission
to sell out
to sell wholesale - to wholesale
selling expenses
settlement of the invoice
shop - store (US)
shopkeeper
slump in prices
sold
sole agency
sole agent
solvency
special offer
specified price
spot goods - on-the-shelf goods
steady prices
sub-agent
to submit an invoice
suggested price - recommended price
supply
suspend payments
temporary import
terms of payment
terms of sale
time of delivery
top quality
trade practices
trade price
trial order
unit price
unsold
wholesale
wholesale discount
wholesale price
wholesale trade
wholesaler

Tuesday, September 18, 2018

Vocabulary used in Management of Logistics



a nonstop flight
actual time of departure
advance freight - prepaid freight
advice of shipment - shipping notice - advice note
agreed airport of departure
agreed tare
air waybill (AWB) - air consignment note
all-up weight
allowed tolerances
at the border
average survey
backed note
barrel
batch number
bearer bill of lading
below deck
berth - mooring
bill of entry
bill of lading (B/L)
boarding card
bonded warehouse - customs warehouse
border - frontier
bulk cargo
by mail - by post
cardboard box - carton
cargo - load
cargo insurance
cargo plane - freight plane
carriage - transport (GB) - transportation (US)
carriage by sea - sea transport
carriage forward
carriage paid
carrier
certificate of origin
certificate of shipment
charter party
CIF value
clearance
clearance agent
clearance certificate
handling costs
harbor dues - harbor fees
harbor office
heavy traffic
hold
home delivery
house air waybill (HAWB)
import duties
import licence
in bond - waiting for clearance
in bulk
in transit
inch
inspection certificate
kilogramme - kilo
landed terms
landing
landing card
landing order - discharging permit
litre (GB) - liter (US)
loading and unloading charges
loading area
loading unit
lorry (GB) - truck (US)
lot
luggage (GB) - baggage (US)
metre (GB) - meter (US)
mile
millimetre
moorage
net tonnage
net weight
on arrival
on board
on deck
ounce
outward journey
overland forwarding
overload
owner's risk rate

clearance documents
clearance duty
cleared - ex bond - duty paid
collection of goods
consignee
consignor's name
consignor
consular invoice
container
container terminal
containership
cost and freight (C&F)
cost, insurance and freight (CIF)
cubic
cubic volume - cubic capacity
custom-house - customs
customs declaration form
customs formalities
customs guard - customs officer
customs invoice
customs officer
customs rate
customs regulations
declared value
delivered at frontier (DAF)
delivered duty paid (DDP)
delivery ex warehouse
delivery notice
delivery weight
destination
dock - quay - wharf
docker (GB) - longshoreman (US)
documents against acceptance
documents against payment
driver
duty-free
duty
duty paid
duty unpaid
entry visa
packing list
part load
part shipment
payload
place of delivery
place of departure
place of destination
port - harbour (GB) - harbor (US)
port authorities
port of arrival
port of call
port of departure
port of destination
port of discharge - port of delivery
porterage
postage
poste restante (GB) - general delivery (US)
pound
preferential rate
preliminary inspection
product loss during loading
protective duty
rail shipment - rail forwarding
reply paid
right of way
road transport - haulage
rummaging
scheduled time of arrival
scheduled time of departure
sender's name
sender
ship - vessel
shipment
shipowner company
shipping agent
shipping company
shipping cubage
shipping documents
shipping instructions
shipping note (S/N)

to charter a ship
to clear the goods
dock
ex factory - ex works
ex ship
ex warehouse
excess luggage (GB) - excess baggage (US)
export permit
failure - damage
flat-rate
foot
forwarder's receipt
forwarding agent
forwarding station
free-trade area
free carrier
free delivered
free delivery
free in and out (FIO)
free of all average
free of charges
free on board (FOB)
free on board airport
free on quay (FOQ) - free at wharf
free on truck
free port
freepost
freight - freightage
freight charges
freight payable at destination
freight prepaid
freight rate
from port to port
full container load (FCL)
goods handling
goods train (GB) - freight train (US)
goods wagon (GB) - freight car (US)
goods yard (GB) - freight yard (US)
gram - gramme
gross
gross weight
hand luggage
to handle with care
high seas
land
to rent a car
to send goods - to ship goods
to ship
single ticket (GB) - one-way ticket (US)
specified port - agreed port
storage - warehousing
storage costs - warehousing costs
to store
to stow
stowage charges
subject to duty
tare - tare weight
terms of delivery
time zone difference
tolerance
toll-free
ton
tonnage
trailer
tranship
transhipment - transloading
transport by rail
transport plane
unit of measurement
unloading operations
unpacked
warehouse receipt
warehousing - storage
waybill - consignment note
weigh
weighing
weight
weight limit
weight specified in the invoice
yard

Thursday, September 13, 2018

Terms used by Human Resource Professionals



absentee
absenteeism
absenteeism rate
accident at work - industrial injury
applicant - candidate
application form
to apply for a job
to appoint a person
apprenticeship
aptitude test
to ask for a rise
assessment of applicants
assistant
back pay
bargaining power
basic salary
to be dismissed - to be fired
to be laid off
to be on probation - to be on trial
to be on strike
to be out of work
business hours - office hours
Christmas bonus
clerical work - office work
company bargaining - company negotiation
compensation for permanent disability
concealed work - moonlighting
contractual situation
cost of living allowance
credentials
day shift
direct labour
disability pension
disciplinary measure - disciplinary sanction
to dismiss - to fire
overtime pay
overtime work
part-time
part-time job
partial disability
pay
pay formula - retribution diagram
pay increase for merit
payroll - payroll ledger
payslip
pension
pension fund
period of notice
permanent disability
permanent job - steady job
permanent staff
personnel - staff
personnel department
personnel requirements
planner
prevention
production bonus
professional qualifications
professional training
programmer
public holiday (GB) - national holiday (US)
purchasing manager
re-employment
redundancy payment
refresher course
relationship management
remuneration
resign (chairman) - to give notice (employee)
resignation (chairman) - notice (employee)
to retire
dismissal
dismissal for cause
dismissal without notice
early retirement
employer
employment agency
employment card - working papers
temporary disability
temporary staff
the job is still vacant
top manager
total disability
trade-union (GB) - labor union (US)
internal regulations
to interview
irregular work - discontinuous work
job - employment
job application
job description
job evaluation
dismissal
dismissal for cause
dismissal without notice
early retirement
employer
employment agency
employment card - working papers
employment contract - labour contract
employment for a trial period
employment office
employment rate
executive cadres
executive personnel
exit permit
experienced person
family allowances
to fill a vacancy
freelance
full-time employment
full employment
full time
general strike
to go on strike
gross wages and salaries
have an accident at work
health care
higher education - advanced education
to hold a position
holiday (GB) - vacation (US)
human relations - human relationships
independent unions
index-linked wages
indirect labour
industrial relations (GB) - labor relations (US)
industrial tribunal - labour court
retirement
retirement age
right to strike
to risk indemnity
role clash
salaried workers - employees
salary
salary range - wage band
seasonal employment
seasonal workers
secondary job
to secure employment
to select candidates
senior clerk - senior employee
severance pay - dismissal pay
short-term employment
sick leave
skilled labour
skilled work
skilled workers
social costs
social insurance - national insurance
social security
sole director
staff costs - personnel costs
to strike
striker
to take measures
to take one's holidays
temporary disability
temporary staff
the job is still vacant
top manager
total disability
trade-union (GB) - labor union (US)
employment contract - labour contract
employment for a trial period
employment office
employment rate
executive cadres
executive personnel
exit permit
experienced person
family allowances
to fill a vacancy
freelance
full-time employment
full employment
full time
general strike
to go on strike
gross wages and salaries
have an accident at work
health care
higher education - advanced education
to hold a position
holiday (GB) - vacation (US)
human relations - human relationships
independent unions
index-linked wages
sick leave
skilled labour
skilled work
skilled workers
social costs
social insurance - national insurance
social security
sole director
staff costs - personnel costs
to strike
striker
to take measures
to take one's holidays
job satisfaction
job security
job sharing
junior clerk - junior employee
labor costs
labor disputes
labor force - manpower
labor market
labor mobility
labor relations - trade-union relations
labor retraining
labor supply
learning by doing - learning by practice
leave
letter of appointment
lock-out
management training
managing director
middle management
minimum rate of pay
motivation
night shift
occupation - employment
office hours
internal regulations
to interview
irregular work - discontinuous work
job - employment
job application
job description
job evaluation
job satisfaction
job security
job sharing
junior clerk - junior employee
labor costs
labor disputes
labor force - manpower
labor market
labor mobility
labor relations - trade-union relations
labor retraining
labor supply
learning by doing - learning by practice
leave
letter of appointment
lock-out
management training
managing director
middle management
minimum rate of pay
motivation
night shift
occupation - employment
office hours
office manager
office staff - office personnel
on the job training
outsourcing
to train
training
training period
trial period
under contract
underemployed
unemployment
unemployment benefits
union dues - union subscription
union officer - trade unionist
unjustified dismissal
unpaid leave
unskilled labour
unskilled worker
vacancy - vacant position
wage-cost spiral
wage-earning workers
wage-packet (GB) - pay envelope (US)
wage bargaining - pay negotiations
wage ceiling
wage claims
wage dynamics
wage freeze
wage indexation scale
wage pressures
welfare contributions
to work at home
work overtime
work sheet
worker - blue-collar worker
working day
working hour
workload
workplace
office manager
office staff - office personnel
on the job training
outsourcing
to train
training
training period
trial period
under contract
underemployed
unemployment
unemployment benefits
union dues - union subscription
union officer - trade unionist
unjustified dismissal
unpaid leave
unskilled labour
unskilled worker
vacancy - vacant position
wage-cost spiral
wage-earning workers
wage-packet (GB) - pay envelope (US)
wage bargaining - pay negotiations
wage ceiling
wage claims
wage dynamics
wage freeze
wage indexation scale
wage pressures
welfare contributions
to work at home
work overtime
work sheet
worker - blue-collar worker
workshift

Thursday, September 6, 2018

Vocabulary used in Marketing



to act on the price
after-sales activities
after-sales service
assisted brand identification
to be competitive
to be out of stock
behavior pattern
blind product test
brand equity
brand extension
brand loyalty
brand positioning
brand preference
brand range
brand strategy
brand switching
brand value
branded product
buy for fun
buying frequency
buying habit
buying motivation
call planning
cannibalization
cartel price
case history
cash and carry
certificate of guarantee
chain of retailers
cluster analysis
commercial strategy
competition
competitive advantage
competitive products
competitiveness
market penetration
market potential
market research
market segmentation
market share
market size
market survey
market test
marketing goals
marketing mix
marketing plan
marketing techniques
mass-market product
maturity phase
memory research
merchandiser
minimarket
mission
multipack
niche strategy
one-stop shopping
open question
own brand products
panel - consumer panel
parallel import
penetration index
perceived quality
pilot scheme
pilot shop
pilot survey
point of sale (POS)
position
positioning
potential market
premium price

competitor
competitor profile
consumer association
consumer panel
consumer survey
convenience goods
convenience store
corporate identity
corporate image
cost per call
cost per contact
coverage
customer loyalty
customer satisfaction
customer service
cut-throat competition
demand and supply curve
demand components
department stores
discount superstores
display material
distribution
distribution chain
distribution channel
distribution cost
distributor
domestic market
driving effect
economic model
empirical research
entry barriers
excess of supply
exhibition - show
exhibition stand
exit barriers
prestige product
price-sensitive buyers
price-sensitive product
price competitiveness
price limit
price perception
price/quality effect
product image
product life cycle
product manager
product oriented
product policy
product range
propensity to consume
psychological threshold
public relations (PR)
purchase headquarters
purchasing group
qualitative interview
qualitative research
quality management
quantitative interview
quantitative research
random sample
random sampling
redemption
redemption costs
reference price
reference value
registered trademark
repositioning
retail outlet
retail prices
retailer brand
sales analysis

social-economic factors
socio-economic characteristics
sole selling price
soundout the market
specialized store
statistical survey
sub-brand
substitute products
supply curve
targeted distribution
taste test
telephone research
trade fair
trade mark
trademark - brand name
trend
unbranded product
unfair competition
unstructured interview
user
value chain
value system
variety store (GB) - variety shop (US)
wholesale stores
wholesaler brand
win-win strategy

Monday, September 3, 2018

Vocabulary used by Professionals in the Legal Industry


This core vocabulary reference sheet provides key words and phrases used in legal settings when practicing law. This vocabulary can be used in English for specific purposes classes as a starting point for including vocabulary study relating to anything related law and practicing legal services. Teachers are often not equipped with the exact English terminology required in very specific trade sectors. For this reason, core vocabulary sheets go a long way in helping teachers provide adequate materials for students with English for Specific Purposes needs.


to abandon an action
according to law
arbitration
arbitration clause
assessment of damage
assignment
attorney - proxy holder
authenticate
to award a contract
bankruptcy
bankruptcy petition
to be in force
bilateral agreement
binding
breach of contract
to break an agreement
to break the law
cancellation date
certificate
to certify
to cheat - to swindle
code
come into force
come to terms
competent court
lease contract
legal action - lawsuit
legal adviser
legal assistance
legal charges - legal fees
legal department
legal domicile
legal proceedings - legal action
legal representative
lessee - tenant
letter of intents
liability in contract
licensee
lien creditor
limitation period
magistrate - judge
mortgage
notary public
notice
to notify
omission
partial agreement
to patent
patent
patent holder
(GB) - to dishonor (US)
to dispute
to draw up a contract
effective date
to endorse - to back
to enforce a law
exclusion clause - exemption clause
fair rent
to file documents
fine
first mortgage
fixed term contract
fraud - swindle
gentlemen's agreement
to give due notice
guarantee deposit
patent office
patent pending
per procurationem - by proxy
power of attorney - proxy
prescription
principal
procedure
protest
proxy
public officer
to put on record - to take minutes
quittance - aquittance
to refund - to pay back
register a trademark
registered
registration charges - registration fees
to rent - lease - hire
resolution
responsibility - liability
revenue stamp
to revoke
rights on industrial patent
royalties
rule - regulation
second mortgage
to have full legal powers
to honour (GB) - to honor (US)
illegal - unlawful
illegally
implement an agreement
in case of controversy
in force
in good faith
indictment
industrial property
to infringe
injunction
insolvent
invalidate
jointly and severally
judge
judgement
jurisprudence
justice
lack of evidence
to lapse - to be statute-barred
lapsed
law courts
lawyer (GB) - attorney (US)
to lease - to rent - to let
separate signature
to settle a dispute
to sign a receipt
signature by proxy
specimen signature
subcontractor
sublease - sublet
to sublease - to sublet
to sue
summon witnesses
to take legal action
to take someone to court
tax fraud
tenant
tenderer
the regulations in force
third-party guarantee
third mortgage
trial venue
unpatented
upon notice
verbal agreement
verdict
witness
written agreement


Vocabulary used when writing a business letter


This sheet focuses on core vocabulary and phrases used when writing business letters or e-mails in English. This business writing reference can be used in English for specific purposes classes as a starting point for students who need to use English on an everyday basis for written business communications. Teachers are often not equipped with the exact English terminology required in very specific trade sectors. For this reason, core vocabulary sheets go a long way in helping teachers provide adequate materials for students with English for Specific Purposes needs.


to act on behalf of
to agree with
always at your service
as agreed
as far as I'm concerned
as far as the payment is concerned
as follows
as per invoice
as per to the conditions
as per your request
as requested
as soon as possible
at your convenience
at your earliest convenience
at your expense
awaiting your reply
to be able to to be authorised to to be characterised by
to be confident in
to be delighted to to be held responsible for
to be in arrears with payments
to be in difficulty
to be interested in
on arrival of the goods
on behalf of
on condition that - provided that
on delivery
on receipt of the order
on short notice
on written request
order to be confirmed
our best attention
our offer is still open
outside address
to pay the maximum attention to the matter
payable in advance
please allow us
please send us
please send us your instructions
prices are increasing
to reach the destination
to refer to to return a letter to the sender
to sell at the best
to send under separate cover
sender address
short term
similar to sample - up to sample
to be late
to be overrun with orders
to be prepared to - to be willing to before the date we agreed upon
Best regards
body of the letter
circular letter
claim - letter of complaint
to come to a decision
to come to an agreement - to reach an agreement
complimentary close
to cope with the competition
correspond to the sample
to correspond with
covering letter
due to oversight
enclosure - attachment
to fix an appointment
following your instructions
from order receipt
further to our letter - following our letter
goods listed below
greeting
half-price
to have the pleasure to to stop negotiations
to submit a sample
to suit the quality - to meet the quality
to take into consideration
the aim of this letter
the following items
the goods are available in our warehouse
the goods are not similar to sample
the goods are sold out
the goods arrived in good conditions
the letter remained unanswered
the matter in reference
the meeting was cancelled
to our mutual benefit
to the kind attention of
under separate cover
up to an amount of
utmost care
we acknowledge receipt of
we apologize again for
we apologize for
we apologize for the delay
we apologize for the mistake
we are sorry to have to we are sorry to inform you
to have the power to hereby
in case of need
in compliance with - accordingly
in due time - in due course
in good condition
in our favour
in partial payment
in reply to your letter
in the absence of
to inform in due time
inside address
to let someone know in advance
letter opening - beginning of the letter
letterheading - heading
to look forward to looking forward to an early reply
looking forward to hearing from you
to make the goods available
to meet a demand
to meet customer's requirements
to meet the demand
Messrs
to notify in advance about
on advanced payment
we have received
we hope we'll receive the goods soon
we look forward to your kind reply
we must apologise for
we remain - our kindest regards
we sent you
we thank you in advance
we wish to inform you that
we would appreciate it if you could answer
we would appreciate your reply
with no obligation - without commitment
with reference to - in reference to with the compliments of
with the utmost care
with two weeks' notice
within the end of the month
within which
without delay
without notice
would you please let us have
would you please let us know
you ordered
you requested
you sent us
Yours faithfully (GB) - Yours truly (GB)



Monday, April 9, 2018

Words and Phrases used in International Law


International Law Glossary:

a non liquet = a legal question to which there is no answer

a titre de souverain: in the name of the sovereign; assertion of territorial acquisition

The Blue List: the diplo list maintained by the Department of State; name on the list doesn’t necessarily mean that the Executive has endowed you with diplo immunity

Cession: when one state gives away land
Secession: when an area breaks away from one state

Charming Betsy Presumption: akin to the U.S. Avoidance Canon; “an Act of Congress ought never to be construed to violate the law of nations if any other possible construction remains”; this is a tough task since proper interpretation of a treaty is an int’l question as to which courts of the U.S. have less leeway; the disposition to construe a treaty to avoid conflict with a state statute is less clear (pg. 220); sensible approach especially since most national legal systems follow it - - allows states to reconcile domestic and international obligations

Comity: politeness between states; respecting the interests of other states.

Constitutive Recognition: the act of recognition by other states confers int’l personality on an entity purporting to be a state; in effect, the other states by their recognition create the new state

Declaratory Recognition: existence or disappearance of a state is a question of fact and whether those facts meet the criteria for statehood established by int’l law; primary function of recognition is to acknowledge the fact of the state’s political existence and to declare the recognizing state’s willingness to treat the entity as an int’l person, with the full rights and obligations that go along with that (most authority and practice lies here)

Dualism: regard international law and municipal law as separate legal systems which operate on different levels; international law can be applied by municipal courts only when it has been ‘transformed’ or ‘incorporated’ into municipal law; international law, as incorporated into municipal law, is subject to constitutional limitations applicable to all domestic law, and may be repealed or emphasize the international legal personality of states, rather than of individuals or other entities. (this is the U.S. approach for the most part ); con = it may be harder to enforce international law with this; Preserves localism and democracy. But your government participated in international norm. Implementing legislation is needed.

Erga omnes: a legal obligation toward all; ususally used in reference to human rights or environmental issues. The term falls within the International Law Principle of Universality, that is the idea that certain activities are so reprehensible that the rules of jurisdiction are waived so that any state may apprehend an alleged perpetrator and try them under their own jurisdiction. Such crimes might include: piracy, slave trade, operating a "stateless vessel", genocide, and war crimes.

The Estrada Doctrine (p. 297): adopted by Mexico; generally understood to mean that recognition of gov’ts is unnecessary once the state has been recognized by another state.

Forum Prorogatum: takes place if the parties to a dispute, after the initiation of proceedings consent to the jurisdiction of the ICJ; without this consent, the Court would not be in the position to exercise jurisdiction; A state can also invoke by pleading to the merits of a claim without raising any objections to jurisdiction. In this case, if the D loses on the merits, the court will exercise jurisdiction.Exceptional situation in 36(1).


Gentlemen’s Agreements: treaties that intend to create only political or moral, as opposed to legal, commitments

Int’l legal person: Subjects of int’l law include persons and entities capable of possessing int’l rights and duties under int’l law and endowed with the capacity to take certain types of action on the int’l plane

Intertemporal Law: looking at law in force at the relevant time: promotes stability and fairness.

jus ad bellum: are a set of criteria that are consulted before engaging in war, in order to determine whether entering into war is justifiable.

jus cogens: (“compelling law”) a mandatory norm of general international law from which no two or more national may except themselves or release on another; the fundamental peremptory norms, can only be replaced by another norm of the same level; a fundamental norm that can’t be derogated by treaty

jus in bello: The laws of war, which define the conduct and responsibilities of belligerent nations, neutral nations and individuals while engaged in warfare, in relation to each other and to protected persons, usually meaning civilians. • Applies to all parties whether the underlying cause is just or unjust.

les ferenda: law in formation

lex lata: existing law

The Lotus Principle: At the International Court of Justice (ICJ) hearings in 1996 the UK argued that in international law, if something is not actually forbidden, then it is permitted; so called because in the 1920’s a ship of that name featured in a decision made by the ICJ's predecessor, the Permanent Court of International Justice.

Martens Clause = civilians and combatants remain protected under intl. law

Monism: regard international law and municipal law as parts of a single legal system; traditionally, municipal law is seen as ultimately deriving its validity from international law, which stands ‘higher’ in a hierarchy of legal norms; international law cannot be subject to domestic law, not even to constitutional limitations; find it easier to maintain that individuals have international legal personality; (Netherlands is a good example of this); Better chance for enforcing IL. No implementing legislation if needed to incorporate IL into the state’s legal system.

Opinio Juris sive necessitatis: (“opinion that an acct is necessary by rule of law”)The principle that for a country’s conduct to rise to the level of int’l customary law, it must be shown that the conduct stems from the country’s belief that int’l law (rather than a moral obligation) mandates the conduct

pacta sunt servanda: (“agreements must be kept”) Pacta Sunt Servanda: (“agreements must be kept”) The rule that agreements and stipulations, esp. those contained in treaties, must be observed; Principle of good faith compliance with the real meaning of the law. Attaches legal meaning and obligations. If one state complies, it believes it can rely on others to do the same. Every treaty in force is binding and must be performed in good faith. Purpose and intention should prevail over its literal application. P. 140 Supp/Article 26

pari passu: Both proceedings can be pursued equally; without preferential treatment

peremptory norm: a norm that is so fundamental that a state cannot contravene it

Persistent Objector? A state may escape the effect of customary rules of law if the State has persistently, promptly and consistently object to the application of that rule from its inception. If a custom becomes established as a general rule of intl. law, it binds all States which did not oppose it even if they themselves had not been active in its formation

Pinochet syndrome: general jurisdiction so that the torturers are not safe wherever they go

Positivism: emphasizes the obligatory nature of legal norms and the fixed authoritative character of the formal sources; also in order for it to be considered “law” the norm must be capable of application by a judicial body

Prescription - The process of acquiring title to property by reason of uninterrupted possession of specified duration. (Continual peaceful possession/occupation/prescription – also a pre-req of statehood)

proprio motu self-initiating prosecutor

ratione materiae is immunity to certain kinds of act on behalf of the state in his official capacity (like an ambassador after resignation; official act)

ratione personae is immunity of all acts, broad immunity, only during office (like an ambassador during office);

The Reagan Doctrine – asserting the right of the U.S. (or any other state) to intervene by force to defend, maintain, restore or impose democratic gov’t

The Brezhnev Doctrine – the Reagan doctrine’s counterpart from the Soviet Union

res nullius: empty territory

Schultz notification” saying that rather than wait for the ICJ to hear the case in 6 months, the US will pull out now

Self-Defense
Anticipatory Self-Defense – invading another country when armed attack is imminent; highly controversial; stick to Article 51 with a possible exception for an immediate definite impending attack; few accept this principle though (p. 971)
Interceptive Self-Defense - Attack isn’t even imminent but you see it coming. Might pose a threat. None of this argument is accepted (p. 971)

Soft law: collectively, rules that are neither strictly binding nor completely lacking in legal significance; guidelines, policy declarations, or codes of conduct that set standards of conduct but are not directly enforceable.

special rapporteur – human rights shizzle

terra nullius: territory belonging to no one. Cannot be found to exist where there is local people with social/political organization.

Travaux Preparatoire- every major treaty has this that gives background of the treaty and the intentions of the drafters. This is considered supplemental, but it is looked at. United States looks to this and proposed that it be looked at as a primary source of interpretation, but this was shot down.

Ultra Vires Actions: unauthorized/beyond the scope of power allowed or granted by a the law of the state;

Voluntarism: intl. legal rules emanate exclusively from the free will of states as expressed in conventions or usage generally accepted as law

The White List: lists all employees of diplomatic missions; also maintained by the Department of State


Thursday, April 5, 2018

Words and Phrases used by Jockeys, Owners and Trainers






Horse racing lingo and slang words

Here's a glossary of horse racing lingo to help you understand some of the more unusual words which have been adopted in horse racing. Horse racing dates back hundreds of years and over the journey it has developed a language all of its own. 

Age of Horse:
 All racehorses celebrate their birthdays on the same day. This makes it easier to keep track of breeding and records.

In the northern hemisphere (United Kingdom, Ireland, France, USA and Canada) horses celebrate their birthday on the 1st of January each year.

In the Asia and the southern hemisphere (Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore) horses celebrate their birthday on the 1st of August each year.

Bagman: Bookmakers associate responsible for settling up on bets at the track.

Bailed Up: 
A runner racing inside of other runners and awaiting clear galloping room.

Barriers: The starting gates or 'stalls' from which the horses jump at the beginning of a race.

Birdcage: A portion of the racecourse where horses are paraded before the start of the race. Birdcage is also known as the celebrity room at large race days such as the Melbourne Cup in Australia.

Blinkers: A piece of gear placed on a horse to limit its vision and prevent it from being distracted by what's around it.

Blows: 
When a horse is unwanted in betting before the race and the bookies increase the price. For example: a price blows out from $3.20 to $4.50.

Bookmakers: A person or company licensed by the government to accept bets.

Checked: A term describing interference experienced by a horse.

Class: Describes the standard or grade of a race.

Coat-Tugger: Someone who offers a punter a tip and wants a percentage of the winnings.

Colt: A young male horse either two or three years old that has not been gelded.

Correct Weight: Placings in a race are official and any winnings can now be paid out on the race. Correct weight means all jockeys have weighed in correctly at the end of the race to ensure each horse was carrying the correct amount of weight.

Dam: The female parent of a horse. In human terms, the 'mother' of a horse.

Dead Heat: Two or more horses finishing in an exact tie at the finishing post. For a dead heat the odds of a horse are divided in half to pay out each of the two winners evenly.

Derby: A classic race for three-year-olds.

Dwelt: Refers to a horse that has hesitated at the start and is slowly into stride.

Eased: Describes a horse that has been restrained in order to find a better position back in the field. Can also refer to a horses odds increasing in the lead-up to a race.

Farrier: A specialist in equine hoof care.

Fast: The firmest track rating. Now known as Firm in Australia.

Feature Race: The most significant race of the day, usually determined by the ratings of the horses involved, its category and the prize money on offer.

Filly: A young female horse three years old or younger.

First-up: A runner resuming from a spell (a spell being a minimum two-month break from racing).

First Starter: A horse making his racetrack debut.

Fluctuation: 
Odds movement of a runner as dictated by betting activity.

Front Runner: A horse who usually settles out in front.

Furlong: A scale used in European and American racing which is equivalent to approximately 200m. e.g. 3 furlongs = approx. 600m.

Good Track: The optimal racing surface. In Australia, track managers always aim for track to be rated a Good 4.

Head: A margin between runners that equates to roughly the length of a horse's head. If a horse wins by a head it is a close margin.

Heavy Track: A very rain-affected track. A Heavy 10 is the worst possible track rating in Australia.

Hoop: Another name for a jockey.

Hurdle Race: A jumps race over lower fences than a steeplechase.

Impost: The weight carried by a horse in a race. It's a term most commonly used when referring to horses to carrying top weight or that are high up in the weights scale.

In Foal: Pregnant mare.

Knocked Up: Describes a horse that weakens noticeably in the concluding stages.

Knuckled: When a horse stumbles forward in a race, often upon jumping. It often costs the horse ground and can sometimes lead to the jockey being dislodged.

Late Mail: Last-minute tips that take scratchings, jockeys, track conditions and whispers from informed sources into account.

Late Scratching: A runner that is withdrawn from the race after 8am on raceday. If a late scratching is made, the betting odds are adjusted to account for that horse being removed from the market.

Lay: When a bookie offers better odds because they believe the horse can't win. Or the act of betting on a horse to lose on a betting exchange like Betfair.

Length: A horse's length from nose to tail. If a horse wins by 1 length it has won by about 3 meters.

Long Shot: A runner paying big odds.

Maiden: A horse who has not won a race.

Mare: A female horse aged four years or older.

Middle Distance: Racing distance classification that generally describes races in the 1400m-2040m range.

Mudlark: A horse that excels on wet tracks.

Mug Punter: A person who is poor at punting/betting.

Neck: Margin between horses - about the length of a horse's neck (unsurprisingly).

Near Side: Left side of a horse.

Nose: The smallest official margin between horses on the line.

Off Side: The right side of the horse.

On The Nose: To back a horse for the win only.

Photo Finish: A result so close that it is necessary to use a finishing post camera to determine the winner.

Pig Root: The act of a horse bucking. This will cost a horse ground and can often dislodge the jockey; it almost always puts paid to a horse's chance of being competitive in a race.

Plunge: A sudden rush of bets for a particular horse, often placed close to the race's advertised start time.

Punter: A person placing a bet.

Rails: The prime position in the bookies ring where the larger bets are exchanged. Also a the term used to denote the the fence-like structure that marks the boundary of the racetrack.

Ridden Out: Describes a horse that has been vigorously ridden to the line by its jockey without the use of the whip.

Roughie: A horse at a long price in the ring with a much lower chance of winning. If you pick a 'roughie' your winnings will be far higher because of the chances involved.

Scratched: A horse which has been removed from a race. Reasons for this can include that there is a better race option for the horse on the horizon, illness, injury, unfavourable barrier draw or at the direction of racing officials.

Second Up:
 A horse's second start during a preparation.

Silks: The often brightly coloured and patterned jacket and cap worn by jockeys in a race. Silks are generally in the colours of the most prominent owner of the horse or in the trainer's racing colours.

Sire: The male parent of a horse. In human terms, the father.

Spell: A horse that has had a minimum two-month (60 day) break from racing.

Stallion: A male horse that has not been gelded (castrated). Also describes male horses whose racing deeds and pedigree are such that it is desirable to breed from him.

Stayer: A horse who performs best when it races over longer distances.

Stewards: Racing officials responsible for enforcing the rules of racing.

Strapper: A person employed by the trainer to groom and look after the general day-to-day welfare of a horse.

Stone Motherless: 
Describes a horse who has finished a clear last in the race.

Swooper: A horse whose style of racing is to race near the back of the field before unleashing a fast-finishing burst towards the finish line and often down the outside portion of the track.

Top Fluctuation/Top Fluc: A bet type which gives you the highest odds during on-course betting. These bets generally need to be placed at least half an hour before the race.

Under Double Wraps: Describes a horse who is traveling well without any urgings from its jockey.

Unders: A horse whose odds are too low in relation to its chances of winning. e.g. Taking 'unders' means you've bet on a horse at odds which should have been higher.

Wager: A bet.

Warned Off: Someone who is warned off is a person banned from entering a racecourse and/or associating with other licensed persons. Or, according to sentence handed down in 2013: The consequences of being warned off include not being permitted to enter any racecourse or training facility, not being able to have an interest in any thoroughbred racehorse and not being able to place a bet on thoroughbred races with a wagering operator.

Well-Held: Describes a horse who has been comfortably beaten by the winner.

Write Your Own Ticket: This refers to a runner that is so unlikely to win that a bookie would give you any odds you ask. The expression is also loosely used in reference to any betting outcome that has very little likelihood of occurring.

Yearling: A horse (of either sex) that is between one and two years old. This is the age at which most horses are bought at the sale